įurther observations have been made by Cassini–Huygens in 2000, New Horizons in 2007, and Juno since 2017, as well as from Earth-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope. Io receives about 3,600 rem (36 Sv) of ionizing radiation per day. These spacecraft also revealed the relationship between Io and Jupiter's magnetosphere and the existence of a belt of high-energy radiation centered on Io's orbit. The Galileo spacecraft performed several close flybys in the 1990s and early 2000s, obtaining data about Io's interior structure and surface composition. In 1979, the two Voyager spacecraft revealed Io to be a geologically active world, with numerous volcanic features, large mountains, and a young surface with no obvious impact craters. Viewed from Earth, Io remained just a point of light until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when it became possible to resolve its large-scale surface features, such as the dark red polar and bright equatorial regions. This color mosaic uses the near-infrared, green and violet filters (slightly more than the visible range) of the spacecraft's camera. Io played a significant role in the development of astronomy in the 17th and 18th centuries discovered in January 1610 by Galileo Galilei, along with the other Galilean satellites, this discovery furthered the adoption of the Copernican model of the Solar System, the development of Kepler's laws of motion, and the first measurement of the speed of light. NASA's Galileo spacecraft acquired its highest resolution images of Jupiter's moon Io on 3 July 1999 during its closest pass to Io since orbit insertion in late 1995. Io's volcanic ejecta also produce a large plasma torus around Jupiter. The materials produced by this volcanism make up Io's thin, patchy atmosphere and Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere. blue (475 nm) green (564 nm) and orange (589 nm) filters. Numerous extensive lava flows, several more than 500 km (300 mi) in length, also mark the surface. Its volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various subtle shades of yellow, red, white, black, and green, largely due to allotropes and compounds of sulfur. Io's volcanism is responsible for many of its unique features. Most of Io's surface is composed of extensive plains with a frosty coating of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Unlike most moons in the outer Solar System, which are mostly composed of water ice, Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. Some of these peaks are taller than Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth's surface. Io's surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of Io's silicate crust. Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km (300 mi) above the surface. Highlights Io is the innermost and third-largest of Jupiters four Galilean moons. This extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between Jupiter and the other Galilean moons- Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. However, neither of those corrections make up a significant portion of the large difference.ġ Things can also fall of the back side if the moon accelerated toward the planet faster than the objects do, but as long as the moon is much smaller than the radius of the orbit we can use the same approximation to calculate the conditions under which that will happen.With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. I have assumed (incorrectly) that Io is spherical in this computation, and we have also (incorrectly) assumed that the orbit is circular. Which is much smaller than Io's surface gravity. The tidal acceleration toward Jupiter on the planet facing side of Io is about Such a calculation is used to determine the Roche limit for an orbiting body. That means you calculate the tidal acceleration due to the planet and compare that to the acceleration due to the moon. The thing that is tripping you up in your naive analysis (beside using the diameter rather than the radius) is that the whole moon is constantly accelerating toward Jupiter, which means that loose object will only fall off the surface of the moon if their net acceleration toward the planet is larger than that of the moon.
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